By Syed Shams Uddin
The Significance of Elaeagnus angustifolia in Gilgit-Baltistan: A Botanical and Historical Perspective
Historical Cultivation in Gilgit-Baltistan
Elaeagnus angustifolia, commonly known as the Russian olive or oleaster, has played a vital role in the agricultural and ecological history of Gilgit-Baltistan. The species was widely cultivated in areas ranging from Bunji to Astore (between 1300 to 2400 meters) in the Gilgit region. In Baltistan, this tree species has been grown from Kiris to Parkuta (2700 meters), Shigar (2600 meters), from Baghicha to Olding (2900 meters), and down to Skardu. According to famed agro-forester late Ghulam Rasul in his compendium Darakht Oogao, its natural growth has been recorded from 1800 to 3500 meters.
Elaeagnus angustifolia was particularly cultivated in regions where barren land was first brought under irrigation and cultivation. One of the earliest known areas where it was extensively planted includes Jalalabad and Oshikhandas in the Gilgit region, following the development of irrigation systems in the 1940s. Its ability to thrive in semi-arid and drought-prone conditions made it an ideal choice for afforestation and soil stabilization. The tree’s abundance was such that during its blooming season, its intensely fragrant flowers would fill the air, creating an aromatic atmosphere that could be sensed even while crossing 'Torookeh' Mound between Oshikhandas and Danyore.
Significantly, it could be propagated from root cuttings, often together with those of Sea Buckthorn. The latter ensured fertility and supported the healthy growth of Elaeagnus angustifolia over time. However, the species faced large-scale deforestation as agricultural expansion took priority. Farmers cleared these trees to cultivate more land, leading to the complete disappearance of Elaeagnus angustifolia from Jalalabad and Oshikhandas. Even matured trees along water channels and intra-village watercourses were chopped down or disfigured with complete abandon. Although its cultivation continued in the newly irrigated lands of Danyore (Didingdas) and Sultanabad (Gujardas), these populations too dwindled over time, succumbing to the relentless drive to convert more land for agriculture. Interestingly, in Baltistan, the species continued to thrive unhindered, largely due to the region’s unique land-use patterns and conservation practices.
In the peripheral parts of Gilgit township, these trees could be found until the 1960s, particularly along Sardar Koohl and the adjoining Naikoi, Naopura, and Basin areas. However, with the growth of the population and expanding urbanization, these trees have completely vanished over time.
Botanical Characteristics
Elaeagnus angustifolia is a deciduous shrub or small tree that typically reaches heights of 5 to 7 meters, though under favorable conditions, it can grow even taller. It is easily recognizable due to the following features:
Foliage: Narrow, silvery-green leaves with a distinct sheen that aids in water retention and minimizes transpiration.
Flowers: Small, yellowish flowers bloom in late spring to early summer, exuding a strong, sweet fragrance that attracts pollinators.
Fruits: Olive-like, silvery-coated edible fruits that are consumed by birds and have been utilized in traditional remedies.
Ecological and Agricultural Importance
Elaeagnus angustifolia has had numerous ecological and agricultural benefits in Gilgit-Baltistan, including:
Drought Resistance: Its deep-rooted system enables it to survive in dry and nutrient-poor soils.
Soil Enrichment: As a nitrogen-fixing plant, it enhances soil fertility over time.
Erosion Control: Its extensive root system helps bind soil particles, preventing erosion in mountainous and semi-arid landscapes.
Windbreak and Shade: Historically planted as a natural windbreak to protect crops and provide shade for livestock.
Cultural and Medicinal Uses
Beyond its ecological importance, Elaeagnus angustifolia has held cultural and medicinal significance in Gilgit-Baltistan:
Aromatic Significance: Its fragrant flowers were cherished as a marker of seasonal change.
Traditional Medicine: Local healers used extracts from its bark and leaves for treating joint pain, inflammation, and other ailments.
Nutritional Value: The fruits were occasionally consumed by locals and valued for their medicinal properties.
Decline and Modern-Day Status
Despite its numerous benefits, Elaeagnus angustifolia has seen a sharp decline in recent decades due to:
Urban Expansion: Rapid urbanization has led to deforestation, reducing naturally occurring and cultivated trees.
Agricultural Shifts: The introduction of exotic tree species and the prioritization of crop farming over agroforestry has led to its near-extinction.
Neglect in Conservation Efforts: Unlike in Baltistan, where it continues to thrive, the species in other parts of Gilgit has not been included in conservation programs.
The Need for Conservation and Revival
Considering its historical, ecological, and cultural significance, there is an urgent need to revive the cultivation of Elaeagnus angustifolia in Gilgit-Baltistan. Conservation efforts could focus on:
Afforestation Projects: Incorporating this tree into land rehabilitation programs can help restore its ecological role, particularly in areas prone to erosion.
Sustainable Agriculture Integration: Encouraging farmers to reintroduce Elaeagnus angustifolia as a nitrogen-fixing and windbreak species can enhance soil quality and protect crops.
Community Awareness: Educating locals on the historical importance and benefits of the species could foster a renewed interest in its preservation.
Conclusion
Elaeagnus angustifolia has been an integral part of Gilgit-Baltistan’s agricultural and ecological history, particularly in regions where barren land was transformed into fertile landscapes. Its ability to resist drought, enrich soil, and prevent erosion underscores its importance. The tree’s fragrant blossoms once symbolized seasonal change, and its fruits and bark were valued for their medicinal properties. However, the species has largely vanished from regions where it once thrived due to expanding agriculture and urbanization.
I encountered the other day, a writeup from Dr. Sajid Hussain Shigri, Skardu, on the efficacy of Russian Olive as follows:Russian Olive (Sarsing) – Benefits and Nutritional Significance
Russian Olive (Elaeagnus angustifolia), known as Sarsing in Balti and Gonir in Shina, is a fruit-bearing shrub or small tree found across Europe and Asia. Its small, olive-like fruits are edible and have traditionally been used both as food and medicine.
Nutritional Significance of Russian Olive (Sarsing)
The fruit of Russian Olive is rich in the following nutrients:
Vitamins: A good source of Vitamin C and Vitamin E, both of which act as powerful antioxidants.
Minerals: Contains potassium, magnesium, phosphorus, and calcium.
Fatty Acids: The seeds are rich in Omega-6 (linoleic acid) and Omega-9 (oleic acid), which are beneficial for health.
Protein: The dried fruit contains approximately 10-11% protein.
Carbohydrates & Fiber: Provides natural sweetness and dietary fiber.
Phytochemicals: Contains flavonoids, phenolic compounds, and carotenoids, which have antioxidant properties.
Health Benefits of Russian Olive (Sarsing)
Antioxidant Effects
Helps reduce oxidative stress due to its Vitamin C and E content.
May lower the risk of inflammation and chronic diseases.
Heart Health
Omega-6 and Omega-9 fatty acids help maintain cholesterol balance.
Potassium supports blood pressure regulation.
Improves Digestion
Dietary fiber aids digestion and helps prevent constipation.
Boosts Immunity
Vitamin C strengthens the immune system and supports wound healing.
Traditional Medicinal Uses
Used for joint pain, cough, and fever in traditional remedies.
Leaves and bark are known for their anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties.
Blood Sugar Control
Some studies suggest it may help manage diabetes, though further research is needed.
How to Consume Russian Olive (Sarsing)
Fresh or Dried: Can be eaten raw or dried.
Jam & Jelly: Used to make jams due to its sweet and tangy flavor.
Tea: Dried fruit and leaves can be brewed into herbal tea.
Oil: Extracted from seeds and used for culinary or skincare purposes.
Precautions
Allergy Alert: Some individuals may be sensitive to this plant.
Russian Olive (Sarsing) is a nutrient-rich wild fruit with antioxidant, heart-health, and digestive benefits. However, it should be consumed in moderation.
Reintroducing and conserving Elaeagnus angustifolia can contribute to sustainable land management while preserving a botanical heritage deeply interwoven with the history of Gilgit-Baltistan. A concerted effort involving local communities, conservationists, and agricultural experts is essential to ensure that this historically significant tree species regains its rightful place in the landscapes of the region.
A window to Northern Areas-I, The Muslim dated July 4, 1997. By Syed Shamsuddin Most of our people even today seem quite oblivious of the geo-political position of Northern Areas while the exact historical background concerning Gilgit-Baltistan and where these must stand politically remains yet another subject of discussion. Not to speak of a layman, a person of the stature of Chief Executive of the country, once inquired whether the Northern Areas an integral part of the north west frontier province (NWFP). This happened when he rule the country in the aftermath of martial law. Yet another minister on Kashmir and Northern Areas, during the democratic government that followed, was pleased to tell a member of the northern areas council that he owed his minisitership not to them (Northern Areas people) but to the turbaned man of his constituency, standing at the door of his official chambers. There is infact, dearth of substantial historical evidence as to when exactly man ...
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